Abstract: Rey Don Felipe promised to be the southernmost city in the world at the end of the 16th century. In the present work, we intend to delve in its history from a perspective that has been little explored to date. Specifically, we aim to analyze the interactions, encounters, and disagreements between the Spanish settlers and the local populations. The presence and actions of these populations have remained invisible due to the overwhelming emphasis on the narrative of the epic deed in the historiography of the settlement. To conduct our research, we rely on published sources, recent editions that have enriched our knowledge about Rey Don Felipe, as well as archaeological and historical studies. Additionally, we utilize unpublished documentation from the General Archive of the Indies. Our focus will be on addressing the invisible presence of the populations of the Strait, with particular attention given to three key moments in the colonization project: the first contact, the preparation of the Armada in Spain, and the frustrated settlement.

Resumen: Rey Don Felipe prometía ser la ciudad más austral del mundo a fines del siglo XVI. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos ahondar en su historia desde una perspectiva poco explorada a la fecha, a entender; el análisis de la interacción, los encuentros y desencuentros que los colonos hispanos tuvieron con las poblaciones locales, cuya presencia y acciones han quedado invisibilizadas por el enorme peso que la narrativa de la gesta épica ha tenido en la historiografía sobre el asentamiento. En nuestro trabajo nos basamos en fuentes ya publicadas, en las nuevas ediciones que en el último tiempo han enriquecido nuestro conocimiento sobre Rey Don Felipe, en recientes estudios arqueológicos e históricos y en documentación inédita del Archivo General de Indias. Abordaremos la presencia invisible de las poblaciones del Estrecho centrándonos en tres momentos claves del proyecto colonizador: el primer contacto, la preparación de la Armada en España y el frustrado poblamiento.

Abstract: This article analyzes how Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote the text of the Historia índica, which aimed to set the basis of the political program of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the Andes. Sarmiento’s argumentation uphold an historic interpretation that seeks to get rid of any doubt about the legitimacy of the Spanish conquest, under the assumption that the Incas had been tyrannical rulers of Peru. This proposal is centered in four principal ideas: personal benefit of its rulers, natural law transgression, illegitimate succession and prescription’s impossibility of its dominance. Starting from the text and manuscript analysis, we give an account of the phases involved in its composition process and we contribute with new points of view about the polemic certification of the chronicle in front of royal Inca ayllus.

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza los procedimientos con que Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa elaboró el texto de la Historia índica, cuyo objetivo consistió en sentar las bases del programa político del virrey Francisco de Toledo en los Andes. El entramado argumentativo de Sarmiento sostiene una interpretación histórica orientada a eliminar cualquier duda sobre la legitimidad de la conquista española, partiendo de la premisa de que los Incas habían sido gobernantes tiránicos del Perú. Esta propuesta se articuló en torno a cuatro conceptos principales: el beneficio personal de sus gobernantes, la transgresión de la ley natural, la ilegitimidad de la sucesión y la imposibilidad de prescripción de su señorío. Teniendo como base el análisis del texto y del manuscrito, damos cuenta de las etapas involucradas en su proceso de composición y aportamos nuevos puntos de vista en torno a la polémica certificación de la crónica frente a los ayllus reales de los Incas.

Abstract: The families of lesbian, bisexual, and queer (LBQ) women challenge the normative heterosexual family model and the traditional notions of kinship. These families are becoming visible in Chile but they do not have social legitimacy, laws, or public policies to support them, and there is scarce research on this topic. This paper presents the results of a qualitative interpretive study involving women with children born in a previous heterosexual relationship. Methodological approach was Grounded Theory. We conducted semi-structured interviews with six women whose children were between 4 and 15 years old. Results show that women’s vital trajectories (progressive, ambivalent and queer) directly influence the way they address their sexual orientation with their children. Personal/affective and socio-cultural levels show interactions and tensions around the conflict between advantages and risks of increased social visibility. We discuss the challenges and costs these women and their families face from the perspective of human rights and public policies.

Resumen: Las familias de madres lesbianas, bisexuales y queer desafían el modelo heteroparental y las nociones tradicionales de parentesco. En Chile están en proceso incipiente de visibilización, no cuentan con legitimidad social, leyes ni políticas públicas que las respalden, y existe escasa investigación al respecto. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio cualitativo interpretativo con mujeres con hijos/as nacidos/as en una relación heterosexual previa. El enfoque metodológico utilizado fue la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a seis mujeres con hijos/as entre 4 y 15 años. Los resultados muestran que las trayectorias vitales de las mujeres (progresiva, ambivalente y queer) inciden directamente en cómo abordan con sus hijos/as el tema de su orientación sexual. Los niveles personal-afectivo y sociocultural se articulan y tensionan en torno al conflicto entre ventajas y riesgos de la visibilización ante la sociedad. Se discuten los desafíos y costos para estas mujeres y sus familias desde una perspectiva de derechos y políticas públicas.

Since the 1940's, the incomplete and seemingly inconsistent chronology of Inca rulers in the History of the Incas (1572) by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa has been discredited and subjected to multiple recons-tructions. This paper presents an account of these reconstruction attempts, and focuses on the study of the chronology from the perspective of the so-called Toledan texts, such as El Parecer de Yucay and Las Informaciones. Therefore, I propose to analyze the coherence of the chronology, applying the same principles used by the Late Antiquity, medieval and contemporary exegetes in chronological studies derived from the genealogy of biblical patriarchs in Genesis 5.

Desde la década de 1940 en adelante, la incompleta y aparentemente incoherente cronología de los gobernantes incas presente en la Historia de los incas (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa ha sido objeto de descrédito y de sucesivos intentos de reconstrucción. Dando cuenta de estos intentos, el presente artículo profundiza en el estudio de dicha cronología abordándola en la perspectiva de los llamados textos toledanos, vale decir, el Parecer de Yucay y las Informaciones. Junto a ello, se propone un análisis de la coherencia de la cronología aplicando los mismos principios que los exégetas tardo antiguos, medievales y contemporáneos han utilizado para el estudio de la cronología que se desprende de la genealogía de los patriarcas bíblicos presente en Génesis 5.

This study starts from a careful reading of the descriptions of biblical lineages in the first three ages of the world in the Nueva Corónica. Because there are errors of succession in them that do not exist in the Old Testament or in Hieronimo de Chaves’ Chronographia -the text that Guaman Poma used as a model for his chapter on the ages of the world- it is proposed that the chronicler had an alternative source in writing this section, a Repertorio de los Tiempos written by an anonymous author and printed in Valladolid in 1554. From the affiliation of both texts and Chaves’ Chronographia, it is argued that Guaman Poma attempted to develop a linear and coherent representation of both the western and the Andean past, assuming that the ages of the world and Andean ages had taken place simultaneously and taking a temporal scheme of five eras for each one of them.

El presente estudio parte de una lectura atenta de las descripciones de los linajes bíblicos presentes en las tres primeras edades del mundo de la Nueva Corónica. Dado que éstos presentan errores de sucesión que no existen ni en el Antiguo Testamento ni en la Chronographia de Hieronimo de Chaves -texto que Guaman Poma utilizó como modelo para su capítulo de las edades del mundo- se propone que el cronista contó con una fuente alternativa en la redacción de este apartado: un Repertorio de los Tiempos escrito por un autor anónimo e impreso en Valladolid en 1554. A partir de la filiación de ambos textos y de la Chronographia de Chaves se plantea que Guaman Poma intentó elaborar una representación lineal y coherente del pasado occidental y andino, asumiendo que las edades del mundo y las edades andinas habían tenido lugar en forma simultánea y adoptando un esquema temporal de cinco eras para cada una de ellas.

Biology and conservation of the austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) in Argentina.- The Austral Parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) is the southernmost distributed psittacid of the world. Endemic to the Andean-Patagonic forests, it is present on both sides of the Andes. There is no evidence of gender or age dimorphism. It maximizes high nutritional food intake (pollen and seeds) by following altitudinal phenological changes of one of its main food sources: Nothofagus pumilio. Protein intake is concentrated during the pre-reproductive season by consuming larvae and pollen, both otherwise very uncommon items in psittacid's diets. Pollen digestibility is the highest recorded, suggesting its importance in a seasonal environment with winter scarcity. The Austral Parakeet is a secondary cavity nester, which lays its eggs (4-8, up to 11) at the end of December, with nestling survivorship higher than 60%, except in low food availability years when lower survivorship is observed. Only the female incubates the eggs. Both female and male participate in feeding and rearing nestlings, which fledge 53 days after hatching. Conservation status of the Austral Parakeet is unclear due to the general lack of knowledge of the species, its biology and the effect of human actions on its habitat. For these reasons studies of population parameters, longevity in the wild, competition and potential effects of environmental disturbances on distribution, reproductive biology, habitat use, and nest site selection should be a priority.

La Cachaña (Enicognathus ferrugineus) es el psittácido de distribución más austral del mundo. Endémica de los bosques andino-patagónicos, se encuentra a ambos lados de la Cordillera de los Andes. No presenta dimorfismo sexual ni etario. Maximiza la ingesta de alimentos altamente nutricionales (flores y semillas) a medida que se hacen disponibles, realizando un seguimiento altitudinal de los cambios fenológicos de uno de sus alimentos principales: Nothofagus pumilio. En la época pre-reproductiva consume proteínas en forma de polen y larvas, alimentos poco frecuentes en la dieta de los psittácidos. La digestibilidad de polen es la más alta registrada hasta el momento, sugiriendo su importancia en un ambiente marcadamente estacional con inviernos pobres en alimento. Nidifica secundariamente en cavidades. A fines de diciembre realiza su puesta de 4-8 (hasta 11) huevos, con una supervivencia de pichones superior al 60%, la cual disminuye en años de baja disponibilidad de alimento. Solo la hembra incuba, el cuidado y alimentación de los pichones lo realizan ambos miembros de la pareja y los pichones abandonan el nido a los 53 días. El estado de conservación de la Cachaña no es claro debido al desconocimiento general de la especie, tanto en lo que se refiere a su biología como al efecto de las acciones humanas sobre su hábitat. Por estas razones son prioritarios los estudios sobre parámetros poblacionales, longevidad en estado silvestre, competencia y potenciales efectos de perturbaciones ambientales sobre su distribución, biología reproductiva, uso de hábitat y selección de sitios de nidificación.

Se presenta el caso clínico de un niño de 1 año y 5 meses de edad, que fue atendido en el Hospital Materno Infantil de la ciudad de Trinidad y que por las características clínicas se concluye que se trata de un síndrome de Williams Beuren. Se aprovecha el caso para hacer una revisión del tema.

We present a case of a child of 1 year and 5 months of age,who was treated at the Hospital "Materno Infantil" of the city of Trinidad and because of the clinical features it is concluded that this is a Williams Beuren syndrome. We take advantage of the case to make a review of the topic.

Foram identificados fatores que poderiam facilitar ou dificultar a introdução da anticoncepção de emergência (AE) no Brasil, Chile e México. Foram levantadas informações sobre o contexto sócio-cultural, político e legal bem como sobre as características dos serviços da saúde reprodutiva. As opiniões de potenciais usuários e possíveis provedores foram obtidas por meio de grupos de discussão, e as das autoridades e outras pessoas influentes por intermédio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os obstáculos incluíram: percepção da AE como abortiva; oposição da Igreja Católica; pouco reconhecimento dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos; pouca educação sexual; e falta de sensibilidade frente às questões de gênero. Os facilitadores foram: percepção da AE como um método que poderia prevenir o aborto e a gravidez entre adolescentes e vítimas de estupro; interesse no método mostrado por potenciais usuárias, bem como por alguns provedores e autoridades. Parece possível reduzir as barreiras identificadas com o apoio dos segmentos da sociedade comprometidos com a melhora da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, e com o treinamento adequado dos provedores de saúde.

A multi-center study was performed in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico to identify factors that may facilitate or hinder the introduction of emergency contraception (EC) as well as perceptions concerning emergency contraceptive pills. Background information on the socio-cultural, political, and legal context and the characteristics of reproductive health services was collected. The opinions of potential users and providers were obtained through discussion groups, and those of authorities and policymakers through semi-structured interviews. Barriers to introduction included: perception of EC as an abortifacient, opposition by the Catholic Church, limited recognition of sexual and reproductive rights, limited sex education, and insensitivity to gender issues. Facilitating factors were: perception of EC as a method that would prevent abortion and pregnancy among adolescents and rape victims; interest in the method shown by potential users as well as by some providers and authorities. It appears possible to reduce barriers through support from segments of society committed to improving sexual and reproductive health and adequate training of health care providers.

Foram identificados fatores que poderiam facilitar ou dificultar a introdução da anticoncepção de emergência (AE) no Brasil, Chile e México. Foram levantadas informações sobre o contexto sócio-cultural, político e legal bem como sobre as características dos serviços da saúde reprodutiva. As opiniões de potenciais usuários e possíveis provedores foram obtidas por meio de grupos de discussão, e as das autoridades e outras pessoas influentes por intermédio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os obstáculos incluíram: percepção da AE como abortiva; oposição da Igreja Católica; pouco reconhecimento dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos; pouca educação sexual; e falta de sensibilidade frente às questões de gênero. Os facilitadores foram: percepção da AE como um método que poderia prevenir o aborto e a gravidez entre adolescentes e vítimas de estupro; interesse no método mostrado por potenciais usuárias, bem como por alguns provedores e autoridades. Parece possível reduzir as barreiras identificadas com o apoio dos segmentos da sociedade comprometidos com a melhora da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, e com o treinamento adequado dos provedores de saúde.

A multi-center study was performed in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico to identify factors that may facilitate or hinder the introduction of emergency contraception (EC) as well as perceptions concerning emergency contraceptive pills. Background information on the socio-cultural, political, and legal context and the characteristics of reproductive health services was collected. The opinions of potential users and providers were obtained through discussion groups, and those of authorities and policymakers through semi-structured interviews. Barriers to introduction included: perception of EC as an abortifacient, opposition by the Catholic Church, limited recognition of sexual and reproductive rights, limited sex education, and insensitivity to gender issues. Facilitating factors were: perception of EC as a method that would prevent abortion and pregnancy among adolescents and rape victims; interest in the method shown by potential users as well as by some providers and authorities. It appears possible to reduce barriers through support from segments of society committed to improving sexual and reproductive health and adequate training of health care providers.